#include #include class Validator { public: virtual ~Validator() = default; virtual std::string validate() const { return "Validator: validate"; } }; // TODO: Create an EmailValidator class that inherits from Validator // - Use the override specifier to clearly indicate you're overriding // - The override specifier helps catch errors if the signature doesn't match // Example output: // EmailValidator: validate class Shape { public: virtual ~Shape() = default; virtual void draw() const { std::cout << "Shape: draw" << '\n'; } }; // TODO: Create a Circle class that inherits from Shape // - Override draw() and mark it as final // - The final specifier prevents further derived classes from overriding // Example output: // Circle: draw class Animal { public: virtual ~Animal() = default; virtual Animal* create(const std::string& name) const { std::cout << name << '\n'; return new Animal{}; } }; // TODO: Create a Dog class that inherits from Animal // - Override create() with a covariant return type (return Dog* instead of Animal*) // - Covariant return types allow overriding functions to return a more derived type // - Use the override specifier // Example output: // Buddy the Dog (when create() is called) int main() { // TODO: Create EmailValidator and test through base pointer // - Both direct call and base pointer call should return the derived version // Example output: // EmailValidator: validate // EmailValidator: validate // EmailValidator emailValidator; // Validator* validator{&emailValidator}; // std::cout << validator->validate() << '\n'; // std::cout << emailValidator.validate() << '\n'; // TODO: Create Circle and test through base pointer // - Both calls should print the Circle version // Example output: // Circle: draw // Circle: draw // Circle circle; // Shape* shape{&circle}; // shape->draw(); // circle.draw(); // TODO: Create Dog and test covariant return type // - Through Animal pointer, create() returns Animal* but actually creates Dog // - Calling directly on Dog returns Dog* // Example output: // Generic Animal // Buddy the Dog // Dog dog; // Animal* animalPtr{&dog}; // Animal* newAnimal{animalPtr->create("Generic Animal")}; // Dog* newDog{dog.create("Buddy the Dog")}; // delete newAnimal; // delete newDog; return 0; }

Override and Final Specifiers

Success Criteria

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